Rehab 4 Addiction

If you suffer from drug addiction, many people you know will say your addiction is entirely ‘self-inflicted’.

This is despite overwhelming evidence that addiction is, in fact, a complex disease and that ‘getting clean’ is not necessarily a matter of merely having enough willpower.

Drug addiction is also referred to as ‘substance misuse’ or ‘substance dependency’. Drug addiction may be physical or psychological in nature.

Drug Addiction in the United Kingdom

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Drug addiction and recreational drug use is a huge problem in the United Kingdom. From 2020 to 2021, it was estimated that 275,896 adults came into contact with a drug and alcohol rehab in England alone.

This was an increase from the previous year, and it was estimated that 130,490 of this figure eventually entered a drug and alcohol rehab rehab.

Of this figure, 51% of adults in treatment were tackling an opiate addiction. 21,308 adults who entered treatment were addicted to crack with opiates and 4,545 for crack without opiates, 27,304 entered rehab for cannabis, 19,209 for powdered cocaine, 4,321 for benzodiazepines addiction, and so on.

The Office of National Statistics reports that there were 4,859 drug poisoning deaths in England and Wales in 2021. Additionally, there were 3,060 deaths related to drug misuse during the same time.

Furthermore, UK researchers discovered that there were around 210,000 drug offences recorded by the police in England and Wales in 2020 to 2021. This was 19% more than the number of drug offences committed in 2019 to 2020.

It’s also important to realise that these were only recorded drug offences, and there were likely to be many more which are unreported and unconfirmed by authorities.

As for hospital admissions, it was estimated that there were 12 hospital admissions per 100,000 people in England alone due to drug-related mental health disorders and behavioural disorders in 2019 to 2020.

In Wales, it was estimated to be even higher at around 17 people per 100,000.

Similarly, it was estimated that there were around 31 hospital admissions per 100,000 people in England due to drug poisoning. In Wales, it was again estimated to be even higher at 30 people per 100,000.

Types of Drug Addictions (excluding Alcohol Use Disorder)

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There are many different types of drugs to which subjects can become addicted.

While most of them are illicit substances, which are forbidden by law to consume or possess, there are also substances which are legal which may cause a subject to become dependent on them.

Some of the most common forms of substance addictions (not including alcohol) include but aren’t limited to:

  • Opioid addiction: Opioids are a form of substance which provide morphine-like effects. When employed practically, they can be used to treat pain. Many of these substances are available through prescription, such as Fentanyl, for example. However, opioid addiction may include illegal drugs such as Heroin. Heroin is incredibly addictive, and long term effects can include health problems such as collapsed veins, lung damage, Endocarditis (heart infection), and much more.
  • Cocaine addiction: The United Kingdom is one of the highest consumers of cocaine in Europe, and is one of the most prevalent drugs in the country. It can be snorted, injected, or smoked as white powder or white crystal. Cocaine addictions may lead to insomnia, anxiety, erratic, aggressive and violent behaviour, panic attacks, psychosis, heart attacks, lung damage, and more.
  • Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine is a potent Central Nervous System stimulant. While these include prescription drugs, an obvious example of Methamphetamines is illegally altered Crystal Meth, also known as Meth, Speed, Glass, or Ice. This can be smoked, snorted, or injected, whereas other methamphetamines may be ingested through pills.
  • Cannabis addiction: One of the most prevalent drugs people consume in the United Kingdom, cannabis can enhance a subject’s sensory perception and euphoria. Long-term use can lead to anxiety, mental health problems, respiratory problems, and more.

Subjects can use resources by the National Institute on Drug Abuse to discover more about the most common forms of drug addiction.

Drug Addiction & Withdrawal Symptoms

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Because of the number of different chemicals which are used to create many substances, the withdrawal symptoms will vary dramatically.

Addiction and frequent exposure to drugs may produce physical withdrawal effects, whereas others may produce psychological withdrawal symptoms.

Some of the common physical withdrawal symptoms associated with drug addictions are headaches, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue, lethargy, shaking, loss of coordination, heart palpitations, and even seizures.

Heroin is an example of a drug which can produce physical withdrawal symptoms.

Psychological withdrawal symptoms include but are not limited to hallucinations, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and more. Substances which present psychological withdrawal symptoms include cannabis and cocaine.

When it comes to approaching patients who are suffering from physical withdrawal symptoms, it is important that they are placed in a medically supported facility.

This is important because they will need to undergo a medicated detox to ensure that their withdrawal symptoms do not cause permanent harm, or even worse, death.

Admissions Process

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It can be overwhelming deciding where to start if you think that you may be suffering from a drug addiction, whether it be heroin, cannabis, or else. However, the process can be simple, especially with the assistance of the team at Rehab 4 Addiction.

You will then be met by experienced and trained members of our team who are there to answer questions and serve your unique needs.

Whether you have questions about the admissions process or addiction treatment, or you are ready to enter a drug and alcohol rehab as soon as you possibly can, our trained admissions officer will help you conduct the pre-admissions assessment in order to help identify a suitable facility and a suitable recovery plan for your health requirements.

The pre-admission assessment, also known as the health assessment, is merely a set of questions presented to the subject regarding their physical and mental health, their medical history, addiction history, and so on.

They are simple questions, and the answers will be used to pass to a consultant psychiatrist who will then use the information to optimise their recovery plan.

It’s also important to note that the pre-admissions assessment is entirely free, it is conducted over the phone, and the process will be done with complete discretion.

It is an opportunity for the subject to make any requests that they may have regarding their treatment facility and programme to see if they can be met in order to optimise their recovery.

Hosting an Intervention for a Loved One

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Witnessing someone battle addiction can be tough, especially when that person is a close friend or a family member. It is possible to contact Rehab 4 Addiction in order to help someone who is close to you to find treatment.

It is often the case that the subject is unwilling to admit that they have a problem in the form of drug addiction.

Similarly, other subjects may genuinely think that they do not have a problem, and will continue to downplay their symptoms and consumption habits to other people.

While it is not possible to enter someone else into a drug and alcohol rehab to seek recovery, measures can be taken in order to help guide someone suffering from drug addiction into treatment. This can be done by hosting an intervention.

The purpose of an intervention is to create a space for friends, family members, and the addicted person to share.

In the space, the friends and family members will be able to express the concerns that they have for their loved one’s health, and they will likely have an example to reinforce their point on how their loved one’s addiction is not only affecting them but affecting their friends and family too.

It is estimated that the success rate of interventions sits at around 80 to 90%. This means that for every 10 intervention sessions held (with different subjects), 80% to 90% of these addicted subjects end up seeking treatment following the intervention.

This will all be done with the assistance of an interventionist. By calling Rehab 4 Addiction, we can assign an interventionist to help prepare the process and guide participants throughout.

The interventionist can also help by making sure that the space in which the intervention is held is one which is free of judgement, and is a safe space for both parties to communicate with each other openly.

The presence of a licensed interventionist is of the utmost importance because they understand how to navigate complex discussions and which procedures to follow during each stage.

They can assist with stages such as:

  • Assembling Participants for an Interventions Team: The interventionist will compose a list of participants who are close to the addicted person, such as friends, family members, or anyone else who can have a positive influence on them during the intervention. The list typically includes people who have a close relationship to the addicted person, and it will exclude anyone who may also be suffering from substance dependence.
  • Formulating Intervention Plans: The interventionist will organise the intervention by organising the date, location, structure, and other general aspects of the intervention.
  • Acquiring information about addiction history: The interventionist will put in the time and effort to learn about the subject’s addiction history. He or she will converse with those who are close to the addicted person in order to gain as much understanding as possible.
  • Educating the participants on the addiction treatment programmes process: The interventionist will also help participants understand what addiction treatment entails, and how it will help their loved one combat drug addiction.
  • Practice and rehearsals: The interventionist provides a time and a place for participants to practise and prepare what they want to say to their addicted loved one. This can help them be more concise and clear during the moment they speak up in the intervention.
  • Encourage writing: Additionally, the interventionist will help encourage participants to present their thoughts on papare, as it can help them get their points across more thoroughly, and it can be somewhat cathartic for the participants.
  • Include participants throughout addiction treatment: The interventionist can also help ensure that participants will be included at various stages of the addicted person’s recovery process. Whether they will be invited to attend Family Therapy or Group Therapy, or Support Sessions, they will be included during treatment.
  • Plan for Rejection: Interventions do not guarantee that a subject will eventually seek treatment. Because of this, it is necessary to have a plan in place and follow a procedure should the subject avoid treatment. This plan will assist friends and family members in their efforts to support their loved one.
  • Establish boundaries: Intervention plans also help friends and family members to establish boundaries while also supporting their loved one throughout addiction. While it may sound counterintuitive, it is important to allow their loved one to deal with some of the consequences of their actions in order to associate these actions with negativity and ramifications. This will encourage them to abstain and seek treatment.

CRAFT Intervention is an example of an intervention method which prioritises the well-being of those who are close to the addicted person.

Rather than only focusing on the addicted person, it offers family counselling, and communication training, among other things which can greatly help the family as well as their loved one battling addiction. Because of this, it is a highly popularised method.

The CRAFT method also emphasises education and helping family members understand the triggers leading to their loved one’s drug use.

By educating family members on addictive behaviours, they are more likely to adapt their behaviour to motivate change in the addicted person.

ASAM Criteria: Symptoms of Drug Addiction and Levels of Care in Treatment

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Because the symptoms of drug addiction are so varied and they vary in their intensity, it can be difficult to determine the severity of someone’s addiction.

It is not possible to quantify someone’s addiction severity, therefore, licensed professionals will need to use a framework in order to determine the level of care that a patient will undergo.

An effective framework utilised by clinicians is the ASAM Criteria. This is a placement guideline and screening method in order to detect substance addiction and understand what level of care patients require.

According to the ASAM Criteria, there are six dimensions to the patient’s condition which are used to create a holistic and bio-psychological assessment which will determine what form of treatment they will undergo.

These dimensions are:

  • Acute Intoxication and Withdrawal Potential: How likely the patient is to suffer from withdrawal symptoms.
  • Biomedical Complications: Exploring the patient’s health history and complications they may have.
  • Emotional and Cognitive or Behavioural Complications: Understanding the patient’s mental health history and whether it will affect their recovery.
  • Readiness to Change: How willing is the patient to abstain and maintain recovery?
  • Relapse and Continued Use Potential: Exploring the patient’s risk of relapsing and sustaining drug or alcohol consumption.
  • Recovery and Living Environment: Does the patient have a stable living environment which is hospitable for them to maintain recovery in?

Once these dimensions have been analysed thoroughly by an addiction psychiatrist, the patient will receive guidance as to what form of treatment they will undergo.

The treatment options are divided into four levels:

  • Level 1: Outpatient Treatment
  • Level 2: Intensive Outpatient Treatment
  • Level 3: Inpatient Treatment
  • Level 4: Intensive Inpatient Treatment

While there are four levels, there are two main types of treatment when it comes to addiction recovery, and these are residential treatment, also known as private rehab, and outpatient treatment.

Residential Rehab for Drug Addiction

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A residential rehab facility requires that patients stay as inpatients, meaning that they are provided accommodation at the same facility in which they will be receiving treatment.

This makes treatment much more accessible, and they will never be without the support of health practitioners.

Residential rehab, at Level 3 and 4 on the levels of care according to ASAM, also offers Intensive Inpatient Treatment, which is also known as Partial Hospitalisation.

Here, patients who are severely addicted will undergo recovery where they will be under a higher level of supervision from professionals who are monitoring their health.

The length of stay at a residential rehab as an inpatient varies from one patient to another. However, patients who have a mild to moderate form of drug addiction can be expected to stay for around 28 days at their facility.

Those who have a more severe form of addiction may be required to stay for longer, depending on their reaction to treatment.

This will allow the patient to undergo a range of treatment methods such as medicated detox, therapy and counselling, relapse prevention planning, and much more. At a residential rehab, patients will undergo a personalised recovery programme.

A personalised recovery programme is integral if the patient’s chances of recovery are to be maximised. Personalised recovery programmes address any specific issues that the patient has, whether behavioural, cognitive, emotional and so on.

It is arguably the most effective way to treat addicted patients, and they are much more effective than programmes which follow a ‘one size fits all’ method.

The residential rehab will also provide medically supported facilities. Additionally, patients will be able to spend hours per day undergoing treatment and tackling cognitive and behavioural issues that they may have.

By focusing greatly on recovery and not worrying about external factors (e.g. peer pressure, work), patients can progress quickly at a residential rehab.

Because of the quality of treatment offered through residential treatment, it is expected that patients pay for their treatment. The cost of private residential treatment varies drastically from one facility to another.

Patients can expect to pay from around £5,000 to around £40,000 depending on where they choose to undergo addiction treatment.

There are many factors which will determine how cheap or expensive a drug addiction rehabilitation centre is. These factors include whether it offers luxury qualities and facilities, the quality of its staff, treatment methods and therapeutic approaches, reputation and experience within the rehabilitation industry, and more.

Rehab 4 Addiction will ensure that patients are given a sufficient amount of options in order to have more freedom and flexibility to choose where they undergo their treatment.

Some patients may value luxury qualities, whereas others may only care about a rehab’s treatment methods. The patient will also be guided in their choice to ensure that the rehab is optimal for their recovery.

Outpatient Rehab for Drug Addiction

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Outpatient rehab and treatment are considered to be at Level 1 and 2 of the ASAM levels of care. They are effective in treating patients who are suffering from mild forms of addictions because it is less intense than residential rehab programmes and it provides patients with more flexibility.

As an outpatient, they will undergo a range of treatment methods but they will also be able to return home throughout their recovery. This means that they can maintain their employment or studies if they so wish throughout recovery.

Additionally, they may spend a few hours undergoing recovery per week, as opposed to per day at a residential rehab.

While this may be beneficial for patients who are suffering from mild forms of drug addictions, those who are suffering from a more serious form will be advised to seek recovery at a residential rehab as an inpatient.

This is because too much flexibility and not enough hours undergoing treatment will put them at risk of relapsing.

Medicated Detox for Drug Addiction

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Patients may be experiencing withdrawal symptoms while they begin their treatment at rehab, and it is important to address these symptoms not only to ensure that the patient is healthy, but that they are well enough to continue to tackle cognitive, emotional, and behavioural issues through therapy.

Depending on the substance, a patient may be suffering from physical withdrawal symptoms. This is because the substance that they are addicted to is a physically addictive one. An example of a physically addictive drug is heroin.

Physical withdrawal symptoms can not only be painful but can cause severe health complications such as seizures, or even lead to death. Because of this, patients who are physically addicted to drugs are required to undergo a medicated detox.

The medicated detox stage allows patients to recover in a safe environment under the supervision of health practitioners.

In order to minimise the severity of withdrawal symptoms, patients may be prescribed medication by an addiction physician. This stage is also referred to as pharmacological intervention.

Medication to Treat Addiction

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Because there is a range of symptoms that can manifest when fighting drug addiction, patients are likely to undergo different forms of medication.

Their purpose will be to quell withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, nausea, and so on.

Some of the medications prescribed during the detox process include:

  • Subutex: A medication prescribed in order to reduce acute and chronic pain.
  • Naltrexone: A medication prescribed in order to reduce cravings.
  • Benzodiazepines: A medication prescribed in order to reduce feelings of anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.

Therapy & Counselling for Drug Addiction

Female therapist with male

Drug addiction is complex. Addiction is a brain disease, and there are many different variables to consider when deciding how to treat a patient.

We must factor in any biomedical complications, mental disorders and health issues, social and environmental factors which may have contributed to their addiction, their addiction history, and so on.

Because of this, the treatment for drug addiction can come in a wide range of forms depending on the substance used, the consumption levels, the patient’s unique physical and mental well-being, and so on.

Treatment for drug addiction will vary, however, here are the therapies which patients can expect to undergo at rehab.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of individual therapy. What makes it so effective is that it places a lot of emphasis on individual patients, targeting and addressing any cognitive or behavioural issues that they display.

These issues are patterns and habits which ultimately deteriorate the quality of their life, and affect their recovery progress. A Cognitive Behavioural Therapy session will be conducted between a licensed therapist and the patient.

During the session, the therapist will ask a range of questions to the patient in order to foster discussion about their lifestyle, addiction, and more. After consistently attending sessions of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the therapist will be able to identify negative patterns which are affecting his or her life.

Then, the patient will be able to move forwards by addressing these issues. Whether these issues are things such as self-loathing, cognitive distortion, or erratic behaviour, or else, the patient will be able to work towards overcoming them with his or her therapist.

This will be done by replacing these negative habits with ones which are healthy and positive, and suitable to aid them in their addiction recovery.

Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT)

A similar form of therapy to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) aims to improve the mental well-being of patients, by placing more focus on their emotions.

Patients who are suffering from intense feelings and emotions will greatly benefit from Dialectical Behavioural Therapy because they will learn how to redirect their energy in a more constructive way.

Patients will learn about a range of coping techniques which will benefit them, ranging from techniques such as stress management, mindfulness, meditation, and more.

Motivational Interviewing & Enhancement

Motivational Interviewing & Enhancement Therapy complement other forms of therapy because their purpose is to increase the patient’s level of commitment towards engaging in other forms of therapy such as CBT, DBT, and more.

Patients suffering from addiction will also suffer from low levels of commitment towards therapeutic approaches.

Despite wanting to recover from their drug addiction, some patients may find it very challenging to attend and engage in therapy and counselling sessions because they’ve been suffering from withdrawal symptoms, malnutrition, and so on.

A session of Motivational Interviewing & Enhancement Therapy will be structured in a one-to-one format between a licensed counsellor and the patient.

The counsellor will ask a range of evocative questions regarding the patient’s history of addiction, friends and family, and what drove them towards seeking full recovery.

Holistic Therapy

The term ‘holistic’ is characterised by the treatment of the whole person, which means taking into consideration factors such as the mental, physical, and spiritual, instead of just addressing a symptom of an illness or a disease.

It is believed that each facet is interconnected and that one factor has a profound effect on the other. If a patient is feeling better physically, it may have a profound increase in mental well-being and spiritual well-being, and vice versa.

Increasing general well-being can be done by a range of activities such as equine therapy, art therapy, music therapy, yoga, mindfulness, meditation, acupuncture, and more.

These activities can help patients feel more relaxed following engaging and positive experiences.

Positive experiences, whether they are facilitated through relaxation or engaging exercise, will create a positive effect on the patient such as behavioural activation.

Behavioural activation can reduce the effects of social isolation and anxiety, and increase skills such as socialisation, organisation and problem-solving skills.

Family Therapy

Family Therapy can have a profound impact on the patient’s addiction recovery process in a range of ways.

Including the family throughout the treatment process can help families reinforce their skills and abilities towards assisting their loved one, which will then strengthen the patient’s support network.

Family Therapy can come in the form of:

These forms of family therapy may have very different functions, but they are all ultimately used in order to strengthen the patient’s support network.

Family Behavioural Therapy, for example, is implemented in order to improve the mental health of the patient and their family, as well as focusing on relationship building.

Functional Family Therapy is used in order to increase the level of support that the patient receives, and to improve the level of communication that takes place between both the patient and his or her family.

Brief Strategic Family Therapy, on the other hand, may be implemented in order to analyse and address problematic behavioural patterns among family members.

The family can have a strong impact on the recovery of their loved one, however, they can also be a root cause of developing problematic behavioural habits which can eventually lead to addiction. Because of this, it is important to understand whether the family needs to modify their behaviour.

Ultimately, the dynamic and relationship between a patient and his or her family will vary drastically to the next patient.

Because of this, it is important to address their relationship in order to understand how things can be modified and how the family can support them in order to maximise their likelihood of successful recovery.

Group Therapy

Another form which is not confined to one-to-one forms of therapy is Group Therapy. Group Therapy includes many patients, typically in groups of around 4 – 8, or possibly more, in a session which is led by a licensed counsellor and therapist who will ask questions and facilitate dialogue.

Social isolation, anxiety, and a decrease in social skills can be symptoms of addiction. These symptoms are combated by Group Therapy.

This is done by placing patients in a safe environment with other patients who are after the same goal.

Patients will be able to discuss with other patients about topics which the therapist sets, and they will also have the ability to share their experiences and to be heard by others.

Allowing the patient to have a voice and a platform to share, it can increase their confidence and their commitment towards recovery methods because they are being heard and valued.

Additionally, social reinforcement is a strong component to Group Therapy because patients are likely to support each other’s commitments and lifestyle choices in the hopes of recovering from addiction.

Acceptance & Commitment Therapy

It is important that a patient accepts the support that they are offered when suffering from a chronic brain disease such as addiction.

By accepting support, they must also accept the lifestyle changes that are required in their search for sobriety and full recovery. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can help patients fulfil this.

Psychological flexibility is a strong component in overcoming addiction. The idea is that if a patient is psychologically flexible, they are able to remain proactive in the face of adversity and hardship.

Rather than just capitulating and dwelling on things that go wrong for them in life, a psychologically flexible person will be able to overcome these negative experiences.

Patients will learn how to accept the things that have gone wrong for them in the past, however, they will also learn the capacity to adjust and continue through with their treatment methods and positive lifestyle changes.

Aftercare for Drug Addiction

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Not only will patients receive care and treatment at their drug addiction rehabilitation facility, but they will also continue to receive support following their exit from rehab in the form of an aftercare programme.

Aftercare services are carefully tailored and personalised in order to cater to the patient’s unique requirements.

The programme will include many components which contribute towards successful recovery, including things such as relapse prevention planning strategies, trigger identification, relationship building, career guidance, and more.

An aftercare programme will grant patients access to fellowship programmes such as Alcoholics Anonymous or SMART Recovery, where patients can attend support sessions and undergo the 12-Step Facilitation Therapy.

The 12-Step Facilitation Therapy programme is a highly popular active engagement strategy which is implemented in order to help patients follow a set of rules and lifestyle guidelines in order to maintain their sobriety and recovery.

What Is Drug Addiction?

Technically, addiction is a chronic disease of the mind. Drug addiction is characterised by compulsive drug-taking and complete loss of control when it comes to this consumption.

Whilst initial drug consumption may be categorised as voluntary, repeated drug use causes complex alterations in the chemistry of the brain.

These changes make it difficult to stop taking drugs. Powerful cravings to continue taking drugs to arise, and in some cases, a number of highly discomforting or even deadly withdrawal symptoms arise when the drug in question is not consumed within several hours after the last use.

These urges to continue to take drugs may arise even following several years of complete abstinence. This is why drug addiction is often referred to as a ‘relapsing’ disease.

Drugs affect the brain’s “reward circuits”. Drugs achieve these alterations by flooding the brain with a chemical messenger known as dopamine. Dopamine causes the individual to experience pleasure.

Why Do People Take Drugs?

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We can generalise the reasons people take drugs down to four main categories which are:

  1. Feelgood factor: it is commonly known that drugs increase feelings of pleasure, happiness and euphoria. Each drug has different positive effects (positive as in how it feels at the time)
  2. To improve mood: stress, depression, anxiety and obsessions are all factors that lead to drug-taking. People think drugs will make them feel less anxious or sad
  3. To improve performance: pressure in school, work, or sports can lead to people using drugs
  4. Genetic factors
  5. Curious nature and social circles: we all like to try something new, and the people around us can influence the things we do. Teenagers and young people are highly susceptible to this category

Why Do Some People Become Addicted To Drugs While Others Don’t?

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While the cause of drug addiction cannot be pinpointed to one specific thing, there is a combination of risk factors.

If a person is subject to more than one risk factor, their chances of taking drugs are increased.

These risk factors include:

  • Biology: More than 50% of a person’s risk of developing an addiction is the genes that they are born with. Ethnicity, gender, and whether there are any other mental disorders can also be a factor.
  • Environment: Another influence can be the person’s environment, such as friends and family, quality of life, and economic status. Other factors such as physical and sexual abuse, peer pressure from work or school, early exposure to substances, stress or anxiety, or lack of parental care
  • Development: To put it simply, the earlier someone is exposed to drugs and begins using, the stronger the chances are of an addiction developing. This is because substances can interfere with the developmental stages in an individual’s brain. Susceptibility to drug use is especially dangerous for teens and those with learning difficulties, as the areas of the brain responsible for decision making and self-control are not yet developed

What Other Factors Increase The Risk Of Drug Addiction?

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Similar to other conditions and illnesses, there is no single cause of addiction but rather a multitude of combined factors.

These include:

  • Family & Home: research shows that children from families with parents who have a tendency to use alcohol and drugs excessively are more likely to become addicted to drugs or alcohol
  • School, social circles, and peer pressure: teens and young people are more susceptible to taking drugs due to wanting to fit in, lack of moral judgement, and poor social skills
  • Early use: the sooner an individual takes drugs in their life, the more likely they are to become addicted in later life. Neurologists believe this is perhaps due to the impact substances have on a younger brain which has not yet developed
  • Intake of the drug: those who smoke or inject drugs are taking it into their body at a faster rate, which can immensely affect the ‘high’ that is felt in comparison to swallowing or ‘dabbing’ (rubbing it on the gums or teeth)

What Happens To The Brain When Someone Takes Drugs?

The chemical reactions that happen in the brain are the fundamental reason why people become addicted to drugs. Mind-altering substances such as drugs and alcohol flood the brain’s reward circuit with a chemical called dopamine.

Dopamine is responsible for the ‘feel-good’ factor we experience when doing something pleasurable, such as eating, seeing loved ones, or engaging in sexual activity.

When the brain’s functioning reward system is working properly, it releases dopamine when someone does something pleasurable, which encourages them to repeat the behaviour.

But rushes of dopamine, which can feel euphoric (think drugs, ‘highs’, nicotine rushes) also motivate unhealthy behaviours that feel good. This is why taking drugs might feel good, despite us knowing it is bad.

The more someone takes drugs, the more the brain changes its ability to fuel natural reward chemicals to respond to these ‘feel good’ things. In turn, the user needs more of the drug because each time the brain releases dopamine in response to a foreign substance, it reduces the ‘high’ experienced.

This is what we call becoming tolerant of drugs or alcohol. As a result, the user becomes decreasingly pleased by ‘pleasurable’ things they once enjoyed like sex, food, or socialising.

Drugs affect brain chemicals, which in turn affects its circuits. This can affect functions such as:

  • Stress management
  • Making decisions
  • The ability to judge
  • Memory ability
  • Behavioural norms
  • Learning

Addiction comprises around the fact that although users are aware of the harmful effects of the substance they’re taking, they cannot break from the cycle of ‘addictive pleasure.”

How Does Dopamine Reinforce Drug Use?

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As we discussed above, dopamine (our chemical ‘pleasure feelings’) is how the brain susses out and encourages behaviours that benefit us. We are wired as humans for our brains to keep repeating these things that bring us pleasure.

Dopamine, the neurotransmitter that’s released when we do something pleasurable, alerts the brain to a significant experience. It tells the brain’s circuit that it needs to remember this incident because it was pleasurable.

This signal adapts the neural connectivity which then enables us to repeat the behaviour again with next to little thought – which is how habits are formed.

The ‘high’ people talk about when they take drugs is related to the excessive surge of dopamine in the brain. This chemical then creates a connection between consuming the substance, the pleasure they feel, and all contextual elements such as people, places, things that are associated with the experience.

As time goes on, and as the user needs more of the substance to feel a high, excessive surge of dopamine then ‘train’ the brain that drugs are pleasurable – sometimes at the expense of our moral code.

What’s interesting is that certain cues associated with initial drug use can trigger cravings in a user’s brain in years to come. The brain has learned a ‘reflex’ to link certain people, places, and things with pleasure.

For example, if someone no longer uses drugs but runs into someone who used to deal with them, or returns to a location where they used to score, this can trigger a craving.

Why Are Drugs More Addictive Than Natural Rewards?

Rehab-house

The dopamine that is released in the brain when someone takes drugs is far greater than that released when we experience something natural, like good food, sex, or socialising.

Thus, the brain of a drug addict produces fewer neurotransmitters, meaning they do not get the same pleasure from these natural things.

It’s as though the reward circuit from drug use has been set to a high standard that natural things cannot compare to. But this means that excessive drug use eventually leads to a ‘running out’ of dopamine, and can lead to depression.

The individual who is addicted can feel depressed or lifeless as they cannot get pleasure out of the things they used to enjoy.

So they take more drugs to feel any pleasure at all, which leads to a vicious cycle. They need increasing quantities of the substance because of this cycle of dopamine, reward and pleasure.

Symptoms Of Drug Addiction In Myself

People in circle holding hands

It can be a worrying time for those battling addiction. The mental and physical effects of the drug and its withdrawal are intense enough, coupled with the potential heartache and tears from family members too.

If you suspect you have a drug addiction, there is no shame in asking for help.

Look at the following list of indicators of addiction, and if you answer more than two of them, pick up the phone and change your life today:

  • The main thought of your day is drugs, and the urge is stronger than anything else you feel
  • A need to use the drug multiple times a day
  • Requiring more of the substance to get high, which is called increased tolerance
  • Constantly taking an excessive amount at a time, even when you know you don’t need it
  • Always replenishing your drug stock so you never run out
  • Paying for the drug, despite being unable or struggling to afford it
  • Failing work or other commitments due to being high or on a comedown
  • Not turning up to social events or partaking in activities you once found interesting
  • Ignoring the fact the drug is causing issues and carry on to take it
  • Going to extreme limits to obtain the drug, such as lying or stealing
  • Breaking the law, including stealing, embezzling, drug driving, or fraud
  • The majority of your time is spent either getting the drug, getting high, or recovering from the effects of it
  • You have tried to stop multiple times, but failed
  • Withdrawal symptoms when you stop using the substance

Symptoms Of Drug Addiction In Others

Diverse people in a supporting group session

Drug addiction is an illness that takes hold of an individual’s life in many aspects, both visibly and in secret. Some people may suspect a loved one’s drug use due to an initial change in behaviour or a ‘glazed’ look about them.

Others may be able to smell a strong scent indicating illicit substances or see paraphernalia lying around.

Here are some pointers to look out for if you are trying to determine if someone you love is struggling with addiction:

  • Issues in work or at school such as missing lessons or days off sick, or an obvious diminish in performance
  • Altered appearances such as red eyes, weight loss or weight gain, a lack of sudden increase in energy
  • Sleep patterns are disrupted, causing them to sleep a lot more or less, or at random hours of the day
  • Appetite fluctuation, meaning they eat a large amount or nothing at all, whatever is unusual for them
  • Poor personal hygiene
  • Financial issues such as asking to borrow money, being worried about money, or selling personal possessions for secret reasons
  • Behavioural changes like being unusually reclusive or quiet, moody or disinterested, or on the other hand unusually energized and alert

If you spot any of these signs in the person you are worried about, it’s important you call a rehab centre so they can steer you in the right direction.

You are encouraged to seek the help of an interventionist who can help you set up a meeting with the addicted person to address their behaviour, and motivate them to get help.

Does Drug Addiction Cause Other Mental Disorders, Or Vice Versa?

Woman in therapy

Dual diagnosis is common among those addicted to drugs. The answer to the question above is very much like the chicken and the egg theory: no one truly knows, but everyone knows they’re both intertwined.

Mental health conditions like depression, stress, anxiety and schizophrenia are all risk factors when it comes to developing an addiction. People are likely to use drugs to feel better or reduce unpleasant symptoms.

Equally, drugs interfere with the natural processes in the brain and are mood-altering substances.

This can result in mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and sometimes self-harm. Withdrawal from substances can also contribute to depression and paranoia.

Health Consequences Of Drug Addiction

Health and wellness massage for sports and fitness

The health risks associated with drug addiction are endless. First off, drug use puts pressure on all physical functions and organs, which reduces life expectancy and weakens the immune system.

The most common maladies associated with drug addiction include:

How Can Drug Addiction Harm Other People?

People Sunset

As many families who are trying to help a loved one struggling with addiction know that it is a distressing, difficult, and intense experience.

Aside from the emotional and mental strain, it can put on relationships, families, employers and the community, there are also health concerns associated with drug addiction that you might not think about.

These include:

  • Drug use while pregnant: While medical professionals warn all expectant mothers against the use of substances, it is difficult when someone is addicted to giving up even for the benefit of their child. Other times, the mother may be on opiate-based medication, which the foetus then absorbs. Neonatal abstinence syndrome is the condition caused by pregnant drug use when the baby goes into withdrawal once it is born. This can lead to behavioural and developmental issues
  • Increased risk of motor vehicle accidents: Drugs hijack all sense of control, perception, inhibition, time and speed. It’s no revelation that driving under the influence can lead to road traffic accidents due to this impairment. In 2016 alone almost 12 million drivers admitted to driving under the influence of drugs
  • Second-hand smoke: There are 250 chemicals in second-hand smoke than those nearby could be inhaling unknowingly. This enhances the risk of lung cancer for those who do not smoke. This is especially concerning for children who live in households of indoor smokers. Worryingly for those who smoke marijuana, there has been increasing research that indicates how harmful second-hand cannabis smoke is to others
  • Increased spread of infectious disease: In HIV statistics, 10% of patients acquired the virus through injecting drugs. This is also a contributing factor in spreading Hepatitis C, the development of endocarditis, and cellulitis

Can Drug Addiction Be Cured?

Diverse people in a support group

Contraindications exist as to whether addiction is indeed a disease, and therefore speculation about whether it needs ‘curing.’ Some people believe there is no cure, and that once addicted to drugs the person will always be addicted, whether they are in recovery or not.

Those in recovery will, unfortunately, be placed in an at-risk category for years to come, as the brain remembers well the reward and pleasure cycle. However, like any other chronic illness, drug addiction can be treated and kept at bay.

Professional addiction treatment generally consists of a medically-assisted detox, rehabilitation at a treatment facility, followed by an aftercare programme.

Increasing work by governments and public health bodies is being channelled into preventing drug addiction. This work is being done in schools, places of work, colleges, communities, and also the media.

Experts are of the belief that educating people, especially young people, about the risks and effects of taking drugs is the way to reduce the number of people in recovery today.

What Are The Principles Of Effective Treatment?

1. Trust the professionals

The first principle of treatment for any drug addiction is seeking professional help. This means admitting you have a problem, and opening up to the possibility that you have done wrong in the past, and that you now need help. Enrolling on a detox and rehab programme is the active part of this first step.

2. Find a rehab programme

The second step is rehabilitation, which some people call ‘maintenance.’ This entails regular therapy sessions either in groups or one-to-one with a therapist, to uncover your deeper issues. This stage is all about finding out more about yourself and your past, and the reason behind your drug-taking.

These two steps are both complemented by medication, which can help alleviate symptoms of withdrawal. In others, it can be as part of a substance substitution programme, especially for heroin or opiate-based addictions.

Medication can only be prescribed by a licenced professional, and it is best this is done in a rehab facility where your medical and psychological needs can be monitored.

3. Aftercare

The final stage of effective treatment is aftercare, which means your ability to cope once you leave the sheltered and protected environment of a rehab centre. Your treatment programme will equip you with the correct skills and resources to be able to maintain sobriety in the real world.

This means relapse prevention schemes, ways to deal with people, places and things that remind you of your addiction, and ways to promote better mental and physical health.

Things To Remember About Drug Addiction

Female therapist with male

It can be extremely difficult living with drug addiction or living with someone who is addicted.

We have included below some key facts to bear in mind when dealing with this type of illness:

  • Drug addiction is not a moral failing: it is a disease fuelled by compulsion and a desire for addictive substances
  • Drugs interfere with normal brain chemistry and can change a person’s self-control, self-perception and moral judgement
  • Addiction is associated with urges which is why relapses are so common with this disease
  • Addiction is also about dopamine, a natural circuit that is infiltrated by chemicals which makes the user repeat unhealthy behaviour
  • We cannot pinpoint the exact reason or cause behind drug use
  • More research is being constantly fuelled into preventing and treating drug addiction

Conclusion: What’s Next?

What’s important to remember is that you are not alone in your addiction. As discussed above, drug addiction is one of the most common illnesses in the world to this day.

Thousands of more people receive treatment each month for various types of drug addictions.

This means that not only will the stigma be reduced or the number of people in recovery increase. It also means that addiction is gradually being placed on par with other conditions and is getting the medical and political research and intervention it deserves.

If you or your loved one suffer from any of the above drug addictions, give us a call now so we may offer you free help and support in overcoming this addiction.

We work with treatment providers across the United Kingdom, and we will help you locate a treatment that’s absolutely right for your needs.

References

[1] Adult Substance Misuse Treatment Statistics 2020 to 2021: Report https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/substance-misuse-treatment-for-adults-statistics-2020-to-2021/adult-substance-misuse-treatment-statistics-2020-to-2021-report

[2] Deaths Related to Drug Poisoning by Local Authority https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/drugmisusedeathsbylocalauthority

[3] Drug Crime: Statistics for England and Wales https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9039/

[4] Commonly Used Drugs Chart https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts

[5] Intervention – What is the Success Rate? https://www.associationofinterventionspecialists.org/intervention-what-is-the-success-rate/

[6] Community Reinforcement and Family Training https://web.archive.org/web/20230425014932/https://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/caregivers/practice-settings/intervention/community-reinforcement

[7] About the ASAM Criteria https://www.asam.org/asam-criteria/about-the-asam-criteria

[8] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-addiction

[9] Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/dialectical-behaviour-therapy-addiction

[10] Motivational Interviewing for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/motivational-interviewing-addiction

[11] Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/motivational-enhancement-therapy-addiction

[12] Equine Therapy for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/equine-therapy

[13] Art Therapy for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/art-therapy

[14] Family Therapy for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/family-therapy-addiction

[15] What is Family Behaviour Therapy? https://familybehaviortherapy.faculty.unlv.edu/what-is-family-behavior-therapy/

[16] Brief Strategic Family Therapy https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737065/

[17] Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/acceptance-commitment-therapy-addiction

[18] Our Aftercare Services – Rehab 4 Addiction https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/addiction-treatment/aftercare

[19] 12-Step Facilitation Therapy https://web.archive.org/web/20221004152527/https:/nida.nih.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral-therapies/12-step